thermodynamical equilibrium

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• Non-equilibrium thermodynamics — Thermodynamics …   Wikipedia

• Chemical equilibrium — In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the concentrations of the reactants and products have not yet changed with time. It occurs only in reversible reactions, and not in irreversible reactions. Usually, this state… …   Wikipedia

• Thermodynamics — Annotated color version of the original 1824 Carnot heat engine showing the hot body (boiler), working body (system, steam), and cold body (water), the letters labeled according to the stopping points in Carnot cycle …   Wikipedia

• Temperature — This article is about the thermodynamic property. For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). A map of global long term monthly average surface air temperatures i …   Wikipedia

• Model photosphere — Some essential steps in model atmosphere analysis for determining stellar abundances (Figure by Bengt Gustafsson, Astronomical Observatory, Uppsala). The photosphere denotes those solar or stellar surface layers from which optical radiation… …   Wikipedia

• Coronal radiative losses — In astronomy and in astrophysics, for radiative losses of the solar corona, it is meant the energy flux irradiated from the external atmosphere of the Sun (traditionally divided into chromosphere, transition region and corona), and, in particular …   Wikipedia

• What Is Life? — Infobox Book name = What is Life? Mind and Matter title orig = image caption = author = Erwin Schrödinger illustrator = cover artist = country = language = English series = subject = genre = Popular science publisher = Cambridge University Press… …   Wikipedia

• Excitation temperature — The Excitation Temperature (T {ex}) (often called the spin temperature for the 21 cm line) is defined for a population of particles via the Boltzmann factor. It satisfies :frac{n u}{n l} = frac{g u}{g l} exp{( frac{Delta E}{k T {ex)},where nu and …   Wikipedia

• Entropy — This article is about entropy in thermodynamics. For entropy in information theory, see Entropy (information theory). For a comparison of entropy in information theory with entropy in thermodynamics, see Entropy in thermodynamics and information… …   Wikipedia

• Helmholtz free energy — In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential which measures the “useful” work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume. For such a system, the negative of the difference in… …   Wikipedia

• Entropy (statistical thermodynamics) — In thermodynamics, statistical entropy is the modeling of the energetic function entropy using probability theory. The statistical entropy perspective was introduced in 1870 with the work of the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. Mathematical… …   Wikipedia